Paul Laurence Dunbar: The Racial Politics of the Nadir
Dr.Michelle Alexander | The New Jim Crow | Cooley Law School
Jim Crow Laws - Dr.Michelle Alexander | The New Jim Crow | Cooley Law School
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Dr.Michelle Alexander | The New Jim Crow | Cooley Law School Tube. Duration : 7.95 Mins.Rhymefest Speaks Out on Alabama's Harsh Immigration Law
Jim Crow Laws - Rhymefest Speaks Out on Alabama's Harsh Immigration Law
Do you know about - Rhymefest Speaks Out on Alabama's Harsh Immigration Law
Jim Crow Laws! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends. What I said. It isn't outcome that the true about Jim Crow Laws. You see this article for facts about a person wish to know is Jim Crow Laws.How is Rhymefest Speaks Out on Alabama's Harsh Immigration Law
Rhymefest Speaks Out on Alabama's Harsh Immigration Law Tube. Duration : 11.62 Mins.Dell Laser Printer Error Codes - How to Fix Them
Black Codes - Dell Laser Printer Error Codes - How to Fix Them
Good evening. Yesterday, I learned all about Black Codes - Dell Laser Printer Error Codes - How to Fix Them. Which could be very helpful if you ask me so you. Dell Laser Printer Error Codes - How to Fix ThemThe Dell Laser Printer is one of the best nearby in the market. However, many users complain about the numerous error codes they often receive. Here are some troubleshooting tips on fixing these errors effectively.
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Error code: 004-332
This type of error code implies that you need to restart the printer again. However, do check to see if toner cartridges are seated in the permissible position. Also ensure that they have been locked in. This is an error generally connected with the Dell 3100cn laser printer.
Error code: 016-370
This is yet another error message request you to restart the printer. You need to switch off the printer and then join together it via the Usb cable. Press the hold and cancel buttons simultaneously. Then power on the printer again. On your Lcd display you should typically see a message saying 'ready for download mode'. You will then need to initialize the firmware update process.
Error code: 009-360
Sometimes the Dell laser printer only recognizes the yellow toner as 'missing'. Hence you need to replace the Dell toner with a new one. It can happen when the toner is a remanufactured one with a distinct chip.
Error type: Not printing black text
This type of error happens because of a problem with the power supply. You need to check if the I/O cable is connected properly or not and that all connections are in place.
Error type: Printing text in red
At sure times you might be able to print perfectly well the first two times and then you see the text being covered in red color. This can happen if the unit is still not properly clean. You could try cleaning the tube.
Error message: Insert yellow toner
Sometimes in spite of replacing the yellow toner in your Dell 5100 cn laser printer you might still get this error message. Try to turn the black cartridge. You could also check to see if the toner cartridges are locked appropriately.
Error message: Print head error
This type of error message typically happens when the printer head is not clean enough. You could try installing software that is used to clean the head of the printer. You could try clicking on 'start' then go to 'settings' and then 'printers'. go for your printer and right click on it and go to 'properties'. Check to see if there is any such software installed.
Error code: 1200
This error code is generally connected with the Dell 922 printer. Ordinarily you might see the cartridge piquant front and back and slamming itself against the printer. You need to tighten the strings located on the back of the printer and then it should work fine.
Error message: Parallel port maybe used by another application
This is an error message generally found when you are trying to make a second scanning operation. Try downloading the printer driver agreeing to your definite operating system. You could also try setting a distinct parallel port in the Bios.
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Black Codes Definition - enterprise Fashion: popular ,favorite occupation Suits For Women At Work
Good morning. Yesterday, I learned about Black Codes Definition - enterprise Fashion: popular ,favorite occupation Suits For Women At Work. Which is very helpful if you ask me and you. enterprise Fashion: popular ,favorite occupation Suits For Women At WorkBeing expert at the workplace doesn't mean wearing drab and unattractive clothes. You can be a serious employee and a fashionista at the same time. Firm suits for women couple a blend of fashion and professionalism. You can still carry on to look chic and intriguing without flouting your office dress code.
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Many women want to dress up fashionably while going to office but are not able to do so because of expert requirements. Others do not know what work wear to pick that looks serious, yet feminine.
Career suits for women help you express your femininity in a expert and beloved manner. There are a variety of Firm suits in the shop that are rich in texture and style. Their cut, color and drape sets them apart from men's clothing.
While available in rich colours, the type of fabric and the designs created for women's Firm suits are regularly understated. You might find a deep red or vibrant maroon-coloured suit, but regularly not a floral pattern. Though a exiguous conservative they serve as excellent work wear.
These suits come in great beloved cuts and flattering shapes, which make it excellent for women at work. The fabrics used may be cotton, jute, or even wool. Textured fabrics or self-detailing are beloved too, and they lend a definite character and definition to Firm attire.
You need to think distinct things while buying occupation suits for women. The first thing to think is the shape of the Firm attire. Women are not square-shaped like men. Their bodies have curves and that should reflect in their formal workplace attire too.
It is not necessary to hide your curves to be thought about professional. Do not buy boxy suits - instead, opt for ones that are finely shaped to give you a good fit. To accentuate your figure, go for well-tailored Firm suits, rather than ready-to-wear ones.
Simple, yet elegant designs for Firm attire can make it look pleasant, yet professional, while accentuating your looks and figure. You can find any suits in the shop that have detailing such as darts (tapered tuck made in dressmaking) in blazers. You can also find intriguing buttons on the sleeves and a cinch on the waist that will give the dress a feminine look.
If you have decided to get your suit tailored, then do some study on the most recent fashions. You can browse fashion magazines or websites that feature the most recent trends of formal clothing for women. You can print out patterns, show them to your tailor and ask if he can generate something similar.
Business suits for women can be made to look more feminine by some clever accessorizing and incorporating feminine add-ons. You can accentuate the look of a formal plain black Firm suit and a nice shirt with long collars or a intriguing blouse.
It's a great idea to add a scarf of a similar or contrasting colour. You can also occasionally wear feminine tops inside your Firm suit to generate an thorough fashionably expert look.
I hope you get new knowledge about Black Codes Definition. Where you may put to easy use in your everyday life. And above all, your reaction is passed about Black Codes Definition.Emmett Till: The Untold Story| Part 2 of 7
Jim Crow Laws - Emmett Till: The Untold Story| Part 2 of 7
Do you know about - Emmett Till: The Untold Story| Part 2 of 7
Jim Crow Laws! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends. What I said. It isn't outcome that the true about Jim Crow Laws. You see this article for information about what you need to know is Jim Crow Laws.How is Emmett Till: The Untold Story| Part 2 of 7
Emmett Till: The Untold Story| Part 2 of 7 Tube. Duration : 10.02 Mins.Dress Code Etiquette For Men
Black Codes - Dress Code Etiquette For Men
Good afternoon. Yesterday, I found out about Black Codes - Dress Code Etiquette For Men. Which may be very helpful to me therefore you. Dress Code Etiquette For MenAre you confused about all these different types of dress codes? Are you uncertain if it is principal to spend the money to rent a tuxedo for a function if a quarterly 2-piece suit might do? What about neckwear? Do you need a bow tie or is a necktie the beloved piece of accessory? Below is a helpful explanation on the 5 most common dress codes for men.
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Formal, or "Black Tie" Attire:
If you are invited for a formal event, the chances are the invitation will call for "Black Tie Attire". Black Tie is the most formal of all dress codes and traditionally will need you to wear a bow tie in blend with a classic tuxedo. Not just any bow tie will do, but the solid color black bow tie is the one to choose. The gold proper for "Black Tie Attire": Black tuxedo jacket, matching black tuxedo pants, white dress shirt, black bow tie, black shoes, black cummerbund or vest, and white pocket square.
"Warm Weather" Back Tie Dress Code:
As the name indicates, warm weather black tie means that the event will take place during the day, and/or in warm weather. In addition, it is often times related with events occurring under open-air. Similar to traditional "Black Tie" attire, "Warm Weather Black Tie" means you need to wear a tux and a bow tie. The beloved bow tie is still black, even though solid color white, or silver bow ties are an proper alternative. The black tuxedo jacket is typically switched to a white one. Not only is the white jacket quite elegant, but it will also be much cooler and more comfortable when worn on a hot sunny day.
"Black Tie" Optional:
Black Tie" optional dress code is also often called "semi-formal" dress code. As the name suggests, tuxedo and bow tie is acceptable, but the majority of guests will dress slightly less formal. Most common are dark 2-piece suits with white dress shirt, and elegant solid color tie. The necktie should be on the slightly more formal side. As a general rule: The darker the necktie, the more formal it will appear.
"Business" Attire:
Depending on your manufactures and your company's culture, enterprise attire can vary widely. traditional enterprise attire consists of 2-piece suit, dress shirt, and necktie. The most beloved dress shirt colors are white, blue, gray, and even light pink. If you are invited in for a job interview dress on the slightly more consertvative side. A dark charcoal gray suit, white dress shirt, and diagonal striped tie in not too flashy colors is a great choice. The most common necktie colors are dark blue and burgundy red. Striped neckties are also common for enterprise attire as they have a classy look that is timeless and not too flashy.
"Business Casual" Dress Code
Don't wear a necktie or a bow tie for a "Business Casual" meeting. The goal here is to dress nice, but not too formal. No full suit, and no neckwear is needed. The basic outfit consists of: Dress shoes, dress pants, and dress shirts. A non-wrinkly tugged-in polo shirted with nicely pressed Khaki pants are slightly less formal, but well proper for "Business Casual" attire. Stay away from tennis shoes, shorts, sandals, and jeans!
Larry Lessig: How creativity is being strangled by the law
Jim Crow Laws - Larry Lessig: How creativity is being strangled by the law
Do you know about - Larry Lessig: How creativity is being strangled by the law
Jim Crow Laws! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends. What I said. It isn't outcome that the actual about Jim Crow Laws. You look at this article for information about that need to know is Jim Crow Laws.How is Larry Lessig: How creativity is being strangled by the law
Larry Lessig: How creativity is being strangled by the law Video Clips. Duration : 19.12 Mins.Right To Bail In India
Black Codes Definition - Right To Bail In India
Good evening. Now, I learned about Black Codes Definition - Right To Bail In India. Which could be very helpful to me and also you. Right To Bail In IndiaIntroduction
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When you are arrested, you are taken into custody. This means that you are not free to leave the scene. Without being arrested, you can be detained, however, or held for questioning for a short time if a police officer or other someone believes you may be complex in a crime. For example, an officer may detain you if you are carrying a large box near a burglary site. You can also be detained by storekeepers if they guess you have stolen something. Whether you are arrested or detained, you do not have to riposte any questions except to give your name and address and show some identification if requested. The object of arrest and detention of the accessed someone is primarily to accumulate his appearance at the trial and to ensure that in case he is found guilty he is ready to receive the sentence. If his presence at the trial could be cheap ensured otherwise than by his arrest and detention, it would be unjust and unfair to deprive the accused of his liberty while the pendency of the criminal proceedings against him. The provisions about the issue of summons or those relating to the arrest of the accessed someone under a warrant or without a warrant or those relating to the publish of the accessed at his trial but without unreasonable and unjustifiably interfering with his liberty. Thus this record is associated with the provisions associated with the publish of a someone on a bail.
In words of Krishna Iyer J. .. The subject of bail:-
" ..... Belongs to the blurred area of criminal justice ideas and largely hinges on the hunch of the bench, otherwise called judicial discretion. The Code is cryptic on this topic and the Court prefers to be tacit, be the order custodial or not. And yet, the issue is one of liberty, justice, group security and burden of group treasury all of which insist that a developed jurisprudence of bail is integral to a socially sensitised judicial process."
Thus publish on bail is crucial to the accused as the consequences of pre-trial detention are given. If publish on bail is denied to the accessed it would mean that though he is presumed to be innocent till the guilt is proved beyond the cheap doubt he would be subjected to the psychological and corporeal deprivation of jail life. The jail accessed loses his job and is prevented from contributing effectively to the preparing of his defense.
Therefore where there are no risks complex in the publish of the arrested someone it would be cruel and unjust, to deny him bail. The law bails " has to dovetail two conflicting demands namely, on one hand, the requirements of the society for being shielded from the hazards of being exposed to the misadventures of a someone alleged to have committed a crime; and on the other, the underlying canon of criminal jurisprudence. The presumption of innocence of an accused till he is found guilty".
In order to sub serve the above said objective, the Legislature in its wisdom has given correct directions for granting or granting bail.
Why Bail?
Before assuredly determining the place of bail within human ownership framework as conferred by the Constitution, it is leading to search for the object and meaning of bail, such that an determination of these underlying objects and turn therein may enumerate a change. The object detention of an accused someone is primarily to accumulate her/his appearance at the time of trial and is ready to receive sentence, in case found guilty. If his/her presence at the trial could be reasonably ensured other than by his arrest or detention, it would be unjust and unfair to deprive the accused of his liberty while pendency of criminal proceedings.
Thus it is leading to note the relevant provisions enshrined in the Universal proclamation of Human Rights:-
Article 9- No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10- every person is entitled in full equality to a fair and group hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his ownership and obligations and of any criminal fee against him.
Article 11(1)- every person charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a group trial at which he has had all the guarantees essential for his defense.
There are thus several reasons which have been enumerated as to why bail ought to be allowed to prevent pre-trial detention
Meaning Of Bail
Bail, in law, means procurement of publish from prison of a someone awaiting trial or an appeal, by the deposit of security to ensure his submission at the required time to legal authority.
"Bail has been defined in the law lexicon as security for the appearance of the accused someone on giving which he is released pending trial or investigation."
According to Black's Law Dictionary, what is contemplated by bail is to "procure the publish of a someone from legal custody, by undertaking that he/she shall appear at the time and place designated and submit him/herself to the jurisdiction and judgment of the court.".
Meaning Of Bail In India
According to Criminal policy Code, 1973 (Cr.P.C. Hereinafter), does not define bail, although the terms bailable offense and non-bailable offense have been defined in section 2(a) Cr.P.C. As follows: " Bailable offense means an offense which is shown as bailable in the First program or which is made bailable by any other law for the time being enforce, and non-bailable offense means any other offense". That program refers to all the offenses under the Indian Penal Code and puts them into bailable and on bailable categories. The determination of the relevant provisions of the program would show that the basis of this categorization rests on diverse consideration. However, it can be commonly stated that all serious offenses, i.e. Offenses punishable with imprisonment for three years or more have seen carefully as non bailable offenses. Further, Sections 436 to 450 set out the provisions for the grant of bail and bonds in criminal cases. The amount of security that is to be paid by the accused to accumulate his publish has not been mentioned in the Cr.P.C. Thus, it is the discretion of the court to put a monetary cap on the bond.
Indian Courts however ,have greater discretion to grant or deny bail in the case of persons under criminal arrest, e.g., it is regularly refused when the accused is charged with homicide.
It must be added noted that a someone accused of a bailable offenses is arrested or detained without warrant he has a right to be released on bail. But if the offense is non-bailable that does not mean that the someone accused of such offense shall not be released on bail: but here in such case bail is not a matter of right, but only a privilege to be granted at the discretion of the court.
Provisions under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, makes provisions for publish of accused persons on bail. Section 436 of the Code provides for publish on bail in cases of bailable offenses. Section 436 provides that when someone not accused of a non-bailable offense is arrested or detained he can be detained as right to claim to be released on bail. The section covers all cases of someone s accused of bailable of fences cases of persons though not accused of any offense but against whom security proceedings have been initiated under chapter Viii of the Code and other cases of arrest and detention which are not in respect of any bailable offense.
This section entitles a someone other than the accused of a non-bailable offense to be released on bail, it may be recalled that S. 50(2) makes it obligatory for a police officer stoppage such a someone without a warrant to clue him his right to be released on bail.
Section 436 (1) of the Code signifies that publish on bail is a matter of right, or in other words, the officer-in-charge of a police center or any court does not have any discretion whatsoever to deny bail in such cases. The word " appear in this sub- clause is wide enough to consist of voluntary appearance of the someone accused of an offense even where no summons or warrant has been issued against him. There is nothing in S. 436 to exclude voluntary appearance or to advise that the appearance of the accused must be in the obedience of a process issued by the court. The surrender and the corporeal presence of the accused with the submission to the jurisdiction and order of the court is judicial custody, and the accused may be granted bail and released from such custody.
The right to be released on bail under S. 436(1) cannot be nullified indirectly by fixing too high amount of bond or bail-bond to be yield by the someone seeking bail. Section 440(1) provides the amount of every bond executed under this chapter shall be fixed with due regard to the circumstances of the case, and shall not be excessive. added S. 440(2) empowers the High Court or the Court of Sessions may direct that the bail required by a police officer or Magistrate be reduced.
Sub-section (2) of S. 436 makes a provision to corollary that a someone who absconds or has broken the health of his bail bond when released on bail is a bailable case on a former occasion, shall not as of right to be entitled to bail when brought before the court on any subsequent date even though the offense may be bailable.
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India [1978] 2 Scr 621
The amount of the bond should be carefully having regard to these relevant factors and should not be fixed mechanically according to a program keyed to the nature of the charge. Otherwise, it would be difficult for the accused to accumulate his publish even by executing a personal bond, it would be very harsh and arduous if he is required to satisfy the court-and what is said in regard to the court must apply equally in relation to the police while granting bail-that he is solvent enough to pay the amount of the bond if he fails to appear at the trial and in consequence the bond is forfeited. The inquiry into the solvency of the accused can come to be a source of great harassment to him and often resulting denial of bail and deprivation of liberty and should not, therefore, be insisted upon as a health of acceptance of the personal bond.
It also stated that there is a need to furnish by an amendment of the penal law that if an accused willfully fails to appear incompliance with the promise contained in his personal bond, he shall be liable to penal action.
J. Per Bhagwati & Koshal, Jj. added observed that it is now high time that the State Government realized its responsibility to the citizen in the matter of administration of justice and set up more courts for the trial of cases.
In Moti Ram & Others. V. State of M.P [1978] 4 Scc 47
Urgent need for a clear and explicit provision in the Code of Criminal policy enabling the release, inappropriate cases, of an under trial prisoner on his bond without sureties and without any monetary obligation.
Criminal courts today, are extremely unsatisfactory and needs drastic change. In the first place it is virtually impossible to translate risk of non- appearance by the accused into correct monetary terms and even its basic facility that risk of financial loss is essential to prevent the accused from fleeing is of doubtful validity. There are several considerations which deter an accused from running away from justice and risk of financial loss is only one of them and that too not a major one. In this case the court also pointed out the enlightened Bail Projects in the United States such as Manhattan Bail task and D. C. Bail task shows that even without monetary bail it has been inherent to accumulate the presence of the accused at the trial in quite a large amount of cases. The Court laid down following guidelines, that settle Whether the accused has his roots in the society which would deter him from fleeing, the Court should take into account the following factors about the accused:
1. The length of his home in the community, 2 His employment status, history and his financial condition, 3. His house ties and relationships, 4 His reputation, character and monetary condition, 5.His prior criminal record along with any record or prior publish on recognizance or on bail, 6. The identity of responsible members of the society who would vouch for his reliability. The nature of the offense charged and the apparent probability of conviction and the likely sentence in so far as these factors are relevant to the risk of non appearance, and If the court is satisfied on a observation of the relevant factors that the accused has his ties in the society and there is no great risk of non-appearance, the accused may, as far as possible, be released on his personal bond.
Of course, if facts are brought to the observation of the court which go to show that having regard to the health and background of the accused his former record and the nature and circumstances of the offense, there may be a great risk of his non-appearance at the trial, as for example, where the accused is a notorious bad character or confirmed criminal or the offense is serious (these examples are only by way of illustration), the court may not publish the accused on his personal bond and may insist on bail with sureties. But in the majority of cases, considerations like house ties and relationship, roots in the community, employment status etc. may prevail with the court in releasing the accused on his personal bond and particularly in cases where the offense is not grave and the accused is poor or belongs to a weaker section of the community, publish on personal bond could, as far as possible, be preferred. But even while releasing the accused on personal bond it is essential to caution the court that the amount of the bond which it.
Section 436A . Maximum period for which an under trial prisoner can be detained -
The new provision Section 436Awas introduced in order to solve the problems of undertrials' who were languishing in jails as they will now be given an opening to be set free instead of endlessly waiting for their trial to take place. This move has been made due to a faulty criminal justice ideas and provides a makeshift method of providing justice and relief to undertrial prisoners. This seems to advise that the Legislature and the Government have approved the existence of the faulty ideas and their inability to do anything about it. For this purpose section 436 A was inserted.
According to S. 436-A, a someone who has undergone detention for a period extending upto half of the maximum period of imprisonment imposed for a particular offense, shall be released on her/his personal bond with or without sureties. The policy provided is that the Court has to hear the group Prosecutor and give its decision with reasons in writing. The Court may publish the applicant, or if not satisfied may order for the continued detention of the applicant. However, no prisoner can be detained for a period longer than the maximum period of imprisonment provided. The exception to the section is that it is not applicable to offenders who have been sentenced to death.
Moving onto the (de)merits of the provisions itself, S. 436-A gives discretion to the Court to set the prisoner free or to make him/her continue imprisonment. There is no mention of any applications having to be filed under the section. The first part of the section states that any prisoner who has served more than half the term of his/her imprisonment 'shall' be released. However, the proviso puts a restriction on the mandatory provision by giving discretionary powers to the courts. This raises questions about the implementation of the provision. There is every opening that a prisoner may be sent back to jail to serve a period longer than the half term of his/her sentence. Till the Judges give their written reasons for the same, one will not know on what grounds a continuation of the term can be ordered as the section does not furnish any guidelines. Will the undertrial prisoner continue to serve term till the maximum period of the
Granting of Bail with conditions
Section 437 of the Code provides for publish on bail in cases of non-bailable offenses. In such cases, bail is not a matter of right. Court has enough discretion to deny or to grant bail. First program to the Code provides the list of bailable and non-bailable offenses. added cases often arise under S. 437, where though the court regards the case as fit for the grant of bail, it regards imposition of inevitable conditions as essential in the circumstances. To meet this need sub-section (3) of S. 437 provides:
When a someone accused or suspected of the commission of an offense punishable with imprisonment which may increase to seven years or more or of an offense under chapter Vi, chapter Xvi or chapter Xvii of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) or abatement of, or conspiracy or effort to commit, any such offense, is released on bail under sub-section (1), the Court may inflict any health which the Court considers necessary: -
(a)In order to ensure that such someone shall attend in accordance with the conditions of the bond executed under this Chapter, or (b)In order to ensure that such someone shall not commit an offence similar to the offence of which he is accused or of the commission of which he is suspected, or (c)Otherwise in the interests of Justice.
It will be noticed that: -
1)The power to inflict conditions has been given to the court and not to any police officer 2)The power to inflict conditions can only be exercised -
i)Where the offence is punishable with the imprisonment which may increase to seven years or more or
ii)Where the offence is one under chapter Vi (Offences against the State), chapter Xvi (offences against the human body), or chapter Xvii (offences against the property) of I.P.C, or
iii)Where the offence is one of the abetment of or conspiracy to or effort to commit any such offence as mentioned above in (i) and (ii).
Cancellation Of Bail
According to S. 437(5) any court which has released a someone on bail under (1) or sub sec (2) of S. 437 may if considers it essential so to do, direct that such someone be arrested and committed to custody.
The power to cancel bail has been given to the court and not to a police officer. Secondly, the court which granted the bail can alone cancel it. The bail granted by a police officer cannot be cancelled by the court of a magistrate. For cancellation of bail in such a situation, the powers of the High Court or Court of Session under S. 439 will have to invoked. Rejection of bail when bails applied for is one thing; cancellation of bail already granted is quite another. It is easier to reject a bail application in a non-bailable cases than to cancel a bail granted in such case. Cancellation of bail essential involves the enumerate of a decision already made and can large be permitted only if , by guess of supervening circumstances it would be no longer conducive to a fair trial to allow the accused to preserve his relaxation while the trial. However, bail granted illegal or improperly by a wrong arbitrary rehearsal of judicial discretion can be cancelled even if there is absence of supervening circumstances. If there is no material to prove that the accused abused his relaxation court may not cancel the bail.
In group Prosecutor v. George Williams1951 Mad 1042
The Madras High Court pointed out five cases where a someone granted bail may have the bail cancelled and be recommitted to jail:
(a)Where the someone on bail, while the period of the bail, commits the very same offence for which is being tried or has been convicted, and thereby proves his utter unfitness to be on bail; (b)If he hampers the investigation as will be the case if he, when on bail; forcibly prevents the crusade of place under his control for the corpus delicti or other incriminating things; (c)If he tampers with the evidence, as by intimidating the prosecution witness, interfering with scene of the offence in order to remove traces or proofs of crime, etc. (d)If he runs away to a foreign country, or goes underground, or beyond the control of his sureties; and (e)If he commits acts of violence, in revenge, against the police and the prosecution witnessed & those who have booked him or are trying to book him.
Right To Bail And record 21'S Right To Personal Liberty
The right to bail is concomitant of the accusatorial system, which favours a bail ideas that commonly enables a someone to stay out of jail until a trial has found him/her guilty. In India, bail or publish on personal recognizance is ready as a right in bailable offences not punishable with death or life imprisonment and only to women and children in non-bailable offences punishable with death or life imprisonment. The right of police to oppose bail, the absence of legal aid for the poor and the right to rapid sacrifice to vanishing point the classification of offences into bailable and non-bailable and make the continued incarceration of the poor inevitable while the pendency of investigation by the police and trial by a court.
The fact that under trials formed 80 percent of Bihar's prison population, their period of imprisonment fluctuating from a dew months to ten years; some cases wherein the period of imprisonment of the under trials exceeded the period of imprisonment prescribed for the offences they were charged with- these appalling outrages were brought before the supreme Court in Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar Air 1979 Sc 1360
Justice Bhagwati found that these unfortunate under trials languished in prisons not because they were guilty but because they were too poor to afford a bail. In Mantoo Majumdar v. State of Bihar Air 1980 Sc 846 the Apex Court once again upheld the under trials right to personal liberty and ordered the publish of the petitioners on their own bond and without sureties as they had spent six years awaiting their trial, in prison. The court deplored the delay in police investigation and the mechanical operation of the remand process by the magistrates insensitive to the personal liberty of the under trials, remanded by them to prison. The Court deplored the delay in police investigation and the mechanical operation of the remand process by the magistrates insensitive to the personal liberty of under trials, and the magistrate failure to monitor the detention of the under trials remanded by them to prison.
The travails of illegal detainees languishing in prisons, who were uniformed, or too poor to avail of, their right bail under section 167 Cr.P.C. Was added brought to light in letters written to Justice Bhagwati by the Hazaribagh Free Legal Aid Committee in Veena Sethi v. State of Bihar (1982) 2 Scc 583. The court recognized the inequitable operation of the law and condemned it- "The rule of law does not exist merely for those who have the means to fight for their ownership and very often for perpetuation of status quo... But it exist also for the poor and the downtrodden... And it is solemn duty of the court to protect and uphold the basic human ownership of the weaker section of the society. Thus having discussed varied hardships of pre-trial detention caused, due to unaffordability of bail and unawareness of their right to bail, to under trials and as such violation of their right to personal liberty and rapid trial under record 21 as well as the compulsion of the court to ensure such right. It becomes imperative to discuss the right to bail and its nexus to the right of free legal aid to ensure the former under the Constitution- in order to sensitize the rule of law of bail to the demands of the majority of poor and to make human ownership of the weaker sections a reality.
Right To Bail And Right To Free Legal Aid -:
Articles 21 And 22 Read With record 39A
Article 21 of the Constitution is said to enshrine the most leading human ownership in criminal jurisprudence. The supreme Court had for practically 27 years after the enactment of the Constitution taken the view that this record merely embodied a facet of the Dicey on understanding of the rule of law that no one can deprived of his life and personal liberty by the menagerial action unsupported by law. If there was a law which provided some sort of procedure, it was enough to deprive a someone of his life and personal liberty.
In the Indian Constitution there is no specifically enumerated constitutional right to legal aid for an accused person. record 22(1) does furnish that no someone who is arrested shall be denied the right to consult and to be defended by legal practitioner of his choice, but according to the interpretation placed on this provision by the supreme Court Janardhan Reddy v. State of Hyderabad, Air 1951 Sc 227. In this provision does not carry with it the right to be provided the services of legal practitioners at state cost. Also record 39-A introduced in 1976 enacts a mandate that the state shall furnish free legal aid by convenient legislations or schemes or any other way, to ensure that opportunities for justice are not denied to any citizen by guess of economic or other disabilities - this however remains a Directive Principle of State policy which while laying down an compulsion on the State does not lay down an compulsion enforceable in Court of law and does not give a constitutional right on the accused to accumulate free legal assistance.
However the supreme Court filled up this constitutional gap straight through creative judicial interpretation of record 21 following Maneka Gandhi's case. The supreme Court held in M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra a Air 1978 Sc 1548nd Hussainara Khatoon's case that a policy which does not make legal services ready to an accused someone who is too poor to afford a lawyer and who would, therefore go straight through the trial without legal assistance cannot be regarded as reasonable, fair and just. It is essential ingredient of reasonable, fair and just policy guaranteed under record 21 that a prisoner who is to seek his liberation straight through the court process should have legal services made ready to him.
The right to free legal assistance is an essential element of any reasonable, fair and just policy for a someone accused of an offence and it must be held implicit in the warrant of record 21.
Thus the supreme Court spelt out the right to legal aid in criminal proceeding within the language of record 21 and held that this is....
"a constitutional right of every accused someone who is unable to engage a lawyer and accumulate legal services on account of reasons such as poverty, indigence or incommunicado situation and the State is under a mandate to furnish a lawyer to an accused someone if the circumstances of the case and the needs of justice so require, provided of policy the accused someone does not object to the provision of such lawyer."
Conclusion
It is indisputable that an unnecessarily continued detention in prison of under trials before being brought to trial is an affront to all civilized norms of human liberty and any meaningful understanding of private liberty which forms the bedrock of a civilized legal ideas must view with distress patently long periods of imprisonment before persons awaiting trial can receive the attention of the administration of justice. Thus the law of bails must continue to allow for enough discretion, in all cases, to prevent a miscarriage of justice and to give way to the humanization of criminal justice ideas and to sensitize the same to the needs of those who must otherwise be condemned to languish in prisons for no more fault other than their inability to pay for legal counsel to advise them on bail matters or to yield the bail amount itself.
While concluding, it seems desirable to draw attention to the absence of an explicit provision in the Code of Criminal policy enabling the release, in approved cases, of an under trial prisoner on his bond without sureties and without any monetary obligation. There is urgent need for a clear provision. Undeniably, the thousands of under trial prisoners lodged in Indian prisons today consist of many who are unable to accumulate their publish before trial because of their inability to yield enough financial warrant for their appearance. Where that is the only guess for their continued incarceration, there may be good ground for complaining of invidious discrimination. The more so under a constitutional ideas which promises group equality and group justice to all of its citizens. The deprivation of liberty for the guess of financial poverty only is an incongruous element in a society aspiring to the achievement of these constitutional objectives. There are enough guarantees for appearance in the host of considerations to which reference has been made earlier and, it seems to me, our law-makers would take an leading step-in defence of private liberty if approved provision as made in the statute for non-financial releases.
By Sudershani Ray
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Jim Crow Laws - Ron Paul Interview On CNN's State Of The Union
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Plessy V. Ferguson - Thurgood Marshall
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Thurgood Marshal was born on the July 2nd, 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland. Marshall was son of William Canfield Marshall, a hasten porter and a steward at an all white country club, and his mother Norma Williams Marshall, an elementary school teacher. Marshall was a honors learner when he graduated from Lincoln University in 1930. He went to a college called Howard University Law School, being rejected from University of Maryland Law School because being white was a "qualification" to attend. He still took the best of his resources and was ranked first in his class. At Howard he was encouraged to view the law as a car of convert by Charles Hamilton Houston.
After graduating Howard he started to build his way up to the consummate Court with diligent work. Marshall joined The Houston for the National relationship for the Advancement of Colored people (Naacp) in 1936 as a staff lawyer. After years of hard work under the Naacp he became Chief of the Naacp Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Before Marshall joined the consummate Court he was one of the top lawyers, winning 29 of 32 cases that he argued. Through hard work he created a strong reputation. It was the case Brown v. Board of instruction of Topeka that helped him build his reputation. It was also that case that reversed the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, therefore establishing that "separate but equal" was unconstitutional in 1954. John. F. Kennedy nominate Thurgood Marshall to the Court of Appeals in 1961. Six years later Marshall was appointed to The consummate Court by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Thurgood Marshall had a great impact on the community of the United States, Especially the African-Americans. He supported to make the U.S. Constitution to work. That's what he's paramount for, reversing the "separate but equal" doctrine. Stating that the 14th amendment was violated by the Plessy v. Ferguson case. Therefore, manufacture a great impact on many African-american lives.
In 1991 he retired from the consummate Court. In Bethada, Maryland his death came two years later in 1993. When he died he was known as "the Great Dissenter. His accomplishments have made an impact on our community and everyday life.
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Black Codes Definition - Are Turboprop Airplanes Safe?
Good evening. Now, I found out about Black Codes Definition - Are Turboprop Airplanes Safe?. Which could be very helpful for me and also you. Are Turboprop Airplanes Safe?We had any good years of airline safety, but up-to-date turboprop accidents like that of Continental connection Dash-8 flight 3407 in Buffalo, Ny has placed a spot light once again on the protection record of turboprops airplanes. Usually, after an incident, or crisis there's commonly a duration were you see an growth in anxiety with citizen who have a fear of flying. The news media doesn't help when they give over-sensational news coverage about an accident. For example, I was astonish on how one news outlet described with such descriptive details on what the passengers on a up-to-date crisis experienced. I immediately started to think about some descriptive terrible car accidents I seen in my life time, & how they seemed to never make the news.
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Turboprop airplane technology is old, & been around since the jet age. Turboprop airplanes use engines that are gas turbine to drive a propeller. Turboprop airplanes are slightly separate from other propeller airplanes because the components of the turboprop engines are the same as a jet engine. In fact, if you look up the definition of the words turbo, & turbine your observation that they are defined approximately the same. Even some of the engine instruments in turboprop cockpits are similar to that of jet airplanes. The only big dissimilarity between jet aircraft, & turboprops are jets have swept wings to cut drag & because of the growth speeds jet fly at. Turboprops have a lot more drag because of the propellers, & the wings are commonly more rectangular shape, & tapered. Turboprops are much more slower then jets with an midpoint speed of 250-300 knots.
One of the reasons why turboprops are favorite with some airlines is that they are cheaper to control because they burn less fuel. With the record high fuel prices we seen in the past, many airlines decided to get rid of their regional jets, and replace them with some turboprops. There is one major factor about turboprops that concern many people. For many years turboprops had received bad publicity about their handling of in flight icing conditions. Virtually every turboprop is approved to fly in icing conditions. Some turboprops handle icing conditions best then others. But, make no mistake about it that icing is a danger to all aircraft rather its a turboprop, or jet. Jets handle icing conditions a small easier because they furnish more power, & uses heat to right away melt off any ice on the wings.
Turboprops commonly uses rubber boots on the wings that looks like large black tape. Pneumatic air then blows into the boots to inflate it just like a balloon. This inflated boot then cracks off any ice on the foremost edge of the wing. Too much ice build up on the wing can disrupt the plane airflow over the wing. If this happened, it can cause an airplane to lose speed, & stall. To show a perfect example of ice build up on the wing, just stick your hand out of a spellbinding car window. Once your hand is horizontal to the ground, you can feel the plane airflow over your hand. However, if you tilt your hand at a angle then your will feel the disruption of the plane airflow. This is the same influence of icing on a wing.
However, turboprop airplanes are just as safe as jets. Turboprop airplane pilots wish greater understanding of their aircraft's limitations, awareness, & commerce protection practices. I had many fun safe years flying a turboprop before I moved on to jets. Like any other airplane, turboprops can be flown just as safely as jets. However, the best protection gismo in any airplane is still a well trained pilot with the knowledge to control their airplane safely.
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Black Codes - medical Assistant's Code Of Ethics And pro guide
Good afternoon. Yesterday, I learned all about Black Codes - medical Assistant's Code Of Ethics And pro guide. Which could be very helpful to me and also you. medical Assistant's Code Of Ethics And pro guideEvery group whether private or expert follows a set of standards or code of ethics. However, the code of ethics in health care is dissimilar from the universal ethics. What makes it dissimilar is the inclusion of the moral rule which is to achieve one's duty above standards. With this moral rule, health care professionals like healing assistants are imaginable to bind to the given code of ethics and acceptable expert conduct set by the governing bodies:
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To Be Loyal To Their Employers
According to The American association of healing Assistants code of ethics, professionals are imaginable to uphold the honor and high law of the healing profession by accepting and adhering to its governing disciplines.
Furthermore, healing assistants are imaginable to be honest and specific to their employer. A expert can lose his or her license if proven stealing, black mailing, accepting bribes or performing other dirty deals while on duty.
To contribute potential acceptable health Care Services
Medical assistants are imaginable to render potential health care services to their clients. They also have to show respect to their patients at all times. They should be concern with the patients' privacy whenever and wherever.
Medical assistants should always be diplomatic and pleasant, responsive and kind towards patients. They are not allowed to make any disrespectful comments or expressions that will degrade their clients.
Be ready To Go The Extra Mile
They are imaginable to partake in added society services, aiming to improve the health and well-being of the habitancy in the area. They are imaginable to partake in voluntary works or society health awareness projects of the government.
To Keep All facts Confidential
They are imaginable to keep all interventions and communications with the patient confidential, unless legally required. They are also imaginable to keep all pieces of facts confidential except to those habitancy who are part of the healing team assigned to the patient. The American association of healing Assistants is very definite when it comes to this area. Any facts that was accidentally given even to the relatives and members of the healing assistant's family will cause one's license to be revoked.
To Join Training And occupation revising Activities
They are imaginable to continually seek expert growth. One can attain this by attending seminars and training in case,granted by the institution. Furthermore, they must be open for added knowledge and accept co-worker's tips, techniques and advises. Just be clear that the new facts is factual and with scientific basis. On the other hand, they must also learn how to share to their other colleagues their learned knowledge and skills.
Indeed, ethics is very principal to any groups and organizations whether group or professional. The code of ethics is created to reserve the dignity and ideals of the group and organization. Every member must be acquainted and briefed of the things imaginable of them by the organization. Also, ethics when strictly implemented can improve the foundation of the organization.
Not only healing assistants but the whole health care professionals are imaginable to comply and uphold these ethical rules and bylaws. healing ethics reserve justice, equality of human beings and respect for the dignity of the patients. healing assistants and the whole health care professionals are remarkable with other professions because they are committed to reserve the health of the community. This is one of the many things that health care professionals must be proud of.
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Jim Crow Laws - Clarence Darrow Speaks At Lyric Mobile, AL
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